A Chemical That Can Kill - Acid Documentary - Films

An acid is a chemical compound whose aqueous remedies are identified by a sour taste, the capacity to turn blue litmus red, and also the capacity to react with bases as well as certain steels (like calcium) to develop salts. Liquid options of acids have a pH of less than 7. Non-aqueous acids are generally developed when an anion (negative ion) reacts with one or more positively billed hydrogen cations. A lesser pH implies a greater acidity, and thus a greater focus of favorable hydrogen ions in the remedy. Chemicals or compounds having the real property of an acid are claimed to be acidic. There are three common interpretations for acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis meaning. The Arrhenius interpretation defines acids as elements which enhance the focus of hydrogen ions (H+), or more properly, hydronium ions (H3O+), when liquefied in water. The Brønsted-Lowry meaning is a development: an acid is an element which can act as a proton contributor. By this interpretation, any type of substance which can effortlessly be deprotonated can be taken into consideration an acid. Examples include alcoholics beverages and amines which have O-H or N-H fragments.

A Lewis acid is a material that can accept a pair of electrons to develop a covalent bond. Examples of Lewis acids include all metal cations, and also electron-deficient particles such as boron trifluoride as well as aluminium trichloride. Usual instances of acids include hydrochloric acid (an option of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the belly and also switches on digestion enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute remedy of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), as well as tartaric acid (a solid made use of in cooking). As these examples show, acids can be solutions or pure substances, and also can be originated from solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are destructive, however there are exemptions such as carboranes as well as boric acid.

Wild Turkey Documentary - America's National Bird

The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is belonging to The united state and canada as well as is the heaviest member of the unique Galliformes. It coincides varieties as the residential turkey, which was originally stemmed from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey (not the related ocellated turkey). Although native to North America, the turkey most likely obtained its name from the domesticated variety being imported to Britain in ships originating from the Levant by means of Spain. The British at the time as a result linked the wild turkey with the nation Turkey and also the name dominates.
Grown-up wild turkeys have long reddish-yellow to grayish-green legs. The body feathers are usually blackish and also dark brown overall with a coppery shine that becomes a lot more complex in men. Men, called toms or gobblers, have a huge, featherless, reddish head, red throat, and red wattles on the throat and also neck. The head has actually fleshy growths called caruncles. Adolescent men are called jakes; the distinction between an adult male and also a juvenile is that the jake has a really short beard and also his tail fan has longer feathers in the middle. The adult male's tail fan plumes will be all the same size. [5] When males are delighted, a fleshy flap on the costs expands, and this, the wattles as well as the birthday suit of the head and neck all come to be engorged with blood, virtually hiding the eyes as well as bill. The lengthy fleshy object over a man's beak is called a snood. When a male turkey is excited, its head turns blue or white when it is most delighted; when ready to eliminate, it turns red. Each foot has 3 toes in front, with a much shorter, rear-facing toe in back; males have a spur behind each of their lower legs.
Male turkeys have a long, dark, fan-shaped tail and also shiny bronze wings. Similar to many various other types of the Galliformes, turkeys exhibit solid sexual dimorphism. The man is considerably larger than the female, and also his plumes have locations of red, purple, environment-friendly, copper, bronze, and gold iridescence. Girls, called hens, have plumes that are duller general, in shades of brownish as well as gray. Parasites could dull pigmentation of both sexes; in men, pigmentation may work as a signal of wellness. [7] The key wing plumes have white bars. Turkeys have 5000 to 6000 plumes. [8] Tail plumes are of the very same size in grownups, various lengths in youngsters. Males commonly have a "beard", a tuft of rugged hair (customized feathers) growing from the center of the bust. Beards typical 230 mm (9.1 in) in length. In some populations, 10 to 20 % of ladies have a beard, normally much shorter and also thinner than that of the man.

Invention Of Wheels - The Importance Of Wheels Documentary

A wheel is a circular element that is meant to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the primary parts of the wheel as well as axle which is one of the six simple equipments. Tires, combined with axles, allow hefty objects to be moved quickly assisting in motion or transport while sustaining a lots, or executing work in machines. Tires are additionally used for various other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, guiding wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.
Typical instances are located in transport applications. A wheel considerably lowers friction by assisting in movement by rolling along with making use of axles. In order for wheels to turn, a minute needs to be applied to the wheel about its center, either through gravitational force, or by the application of another external pressure or twist.
The earliest safely outdated actual wheel-axle combination, that from Stare Gmajne near Ljubljana in Slovenia (Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel) is currently dated 3340-3030 cal BC, the axle to 3360-3045 cal BC [4] In China, the wheel was certainly present with the adoption of the chariot in c. 1200 BC, [5] although Barbieri-Low [6] argues for earlier Chinese wheeled motor vehicles, c. 2000 BC.
Although they did not create the wheel correct, the Olmec and also certain other western hemisphere cultures seem to have handled it, as wheel-like functioned stones have actually been located on things determined as kids's toys dating to concerning 1500 BC. [7] It is thought that the key challenge to massive property development of the wheel in the Western hemisphere was the absence of tamed big animals which could be made use of to draw rolled carriages. [citation required] The closest family member of cattle present in Americas in pre-Columbian times, the American Bison, is tough to tame and also was never ever tamed by Indigenous Americans; a number of steed types alreadied existing till about 12,000 years ago, yet inevitably went extinct. [8] The only large pet that was tamed in the Western hemisphere, the llama, did not spread out far beyond the Andes by the time of the arrival of Columbus.
Nubians from after regarding 400 BC utilized wheels for rotating pottery and as water wheels. [9] It is thought that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven. [10] It is additionally understood that Nubians utilized horse-drawn chariots imported from Egypt.

The 90's Tech - History Of Internet Documentary

The history of the Web starts with the growth of electronic computers in the 1950s. Preliminary principles of packet networking came from a number of computer technology labs in the Usa, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense granted contracts as very early as the 1960s for package network systems, consisting of the development of the ARPANET (which would certainly come to be the first network to utilize the Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Teacher Leonard Kleinrock's lab at College of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the 2nd network node at Stanford Research study Institute (SRI). Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s as well as early 1970s utilizing a range of interactions protocols. Donald Davies was the initial to place theory right into practice by designing a packet-switched network at the National Physics Laboratory in the UK, the very first of its kind worldwide as well as the foundation for UK study for virtually two decades.  Complying with, ARPANET further led to the development of methods for internetworking, where several different networks could be signed up with into a network of networks.

Accessibility to the ARPANET was broadened in 1981 when the National Scientific research Foundation (NSF) moneyed the Computer technology Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Web procedure suite (TCP/IP) was presented as the conventional networking method on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF moneyed the establishment for nationwide supercomputing facilities at several colleges, as well as gave interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET task, which also developed network accessibility to the supercomputer sites in the United States from study as well as education and learning companies. Advertisement Access provider (ISPs) began to arise in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Exclusive connections to the Web by office companies ended up being widespread promptly, as well as the NSFNET was deactivated in 1995, getting rid of the last restrictions on utilise the Web to lug business traffic.

Mighty Machines - Giant Towing Machines Documentary Films

Towing is coupling 2 or even more items together to ensure that they may be drawn by a designated power source or sources. The hauling resource could be a motorized land vehicle, vessel, animal, or human, the load anything that can be drawn. These may be joined by a chain, rope, bar, hitch, three-point, fifth wheel, combining, drawbar, incorporated system, or various other means of maintaining the items with each other while moving. Towing may be as straightforward as a tractor pulling a tree stump. The most acquainted form is the transportation of disabled or otherwise indisposed automobiles by a tow truck or "wrecker." Other familiar forms are the tractor-trailer combination, and payload or leisure cars coupled through ball or pintle as well as gudgeon trailer-hitches to smaller trucks as well as cars. In the opposite extreme are extremely hefty duty tank recovery vehicles, and enormous ballast tractors involved in hefty carrying pulling loads flexing right into the millions of extra pounds. Always, government and market specifications have been developed for carriers, lights, as well as combining to make certain safety and also interoperability of towing equipment. 

Historically, barges were transported along rivers or canals utilizing tow ropes attracted by males or draft pets strolling along towpaths on the banks. Later came chain boats. Today, tug boats are used to maneuver bigger vessels and barges. Over countless years the maritime industry has refined towing to a science. Aircraft tow one-another as well. Army and cargo carrying gliders are towed behind powered aircraft, which stays a popular means of getting modern leisure gliders up. There are many safety considerations to properly towing a caravan or trailer/ traveling trailer starting with vehicle towing capacity and ranging through equalizer hitches to properly and also legally connecting the safety chains. According to the Usa National Motorway Vista Security Association, even more than 65,000 collisions involving passenger vehicles towing trailers happened in 2004 in the US, jumping nearly 20 percent from the previous year.

Worst Engineering Disaster Of All Time Documentary - The Leaning Tower Of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the sanctuary of the Italian city of Pisa, recognized globally for its unintended tilt. It is positioned behind the Cathedral and also is the third earliest framework in Pisa's Sanctuary Square (Piazza del Duomo) after the Basilica as well as the Baptistry. The tower's tilt began during renovation, dued to an inadequate foundation on ground also soft on one side to effectively assist the framework's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed, and slowly enhanced till the structure was stabilized (and the tilt partially corrected) by initiatives in the late 20th and very early 21st centuries.
The elevation of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the reduced side as well as 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 feet 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 measurement tons (16,000 short lots). [1] The tower has 296 or 294 actions; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Prior to maintenance job done in between 1990 as well as 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 levels, [2] [3] [4] but the tower currently leans at concerning 3.99 degrees. [5] This suggests that the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from the centre.
There has actually been conflict concerning the real identity of the engineer of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For years, the style was credited to Guglielmo as well as Bonanno Pisano, [7] a popular 12th-century resident musician of Pisa, well-known for his bronze spreading, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Bonanno Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, just to come back and also die in his residence community. An item of cast with his name was uncovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, yet this could be associated with the bronze door in the appearance of the sanctuary that was ruined in 1595. However, current studies [8] appear to show Diotisalvi as the initial engineer as a result of the time of construction and fondness with various other Diotisalvi jobs, notably the bell tower of San Nicola as well as the Baptistery, both in Pisa. Nevertheless, he often authorized his works and also there is no trademark by him in the belfry which causes additional conjecture.

US Marine Sniper Documentary - Inside The Crosshair

A sniper is a marksman or certified specialist that operates alone, in a set, or with a sniper group to maintain close aesthetic contact with the enemy and also involve targets from concealed positions or distances exceeding the detection capacities of adversary employees. These sniper teams run separately, with little battle possession assistance from their moms and dad systems. Snipers usually have extremely careful or specific training and also use crew-served high-precision/special application rifles as well as optics, as well as typically have advanced communication properties to feed useful combat details back to their devices or military bases. In addition to marksmanship as well as long array shooting, military snipers are trained in camouflage, industry craft, invasion, unique reconnaissance as well as monitoring, monitoring and also target acquisition. Different countries utilize different military doctrines regarding snipers in armed forces units, settings, as well as tactics.

Typically, a sniper's main feature in contemporary warfare is to give in-depth reconnaissance from a concealed position as well as, if needed, to minimize the adversary's combating capacity by reducing the effects of high worth targets (particularly policemans and other key employees) and in the process pinning down and demoralizing the enemy. [3] [4] Typical sniper missions include managing intelligence information they gather during reconnaissance and security, target acquisition for air-strikes as well as weapons, help used combat force with fire assistance as well as counter-sniper tactics, killing enemy commanders, choosing targets of opportunity, and even destruction of military equipment, which often call for use of anti-materiel rifles in the larger calibers such as the.50 BMG, like the Barrett M82, McMillan Tac-50, as well as Denel NTW-20.